Selasa, 15 Februari 2011

Makalah Bali

RINGKASAN
Dampak Kebijakan Pemerintah dan Strategi Percepatan Daya Saing 
Agribisnis Kopi Robusta

Oleh : Soetriono
 Program Studi Agribisnis Pasca Sarjana Fakultas Pertanian  Universitas Jember
BALI , 4-5 OKTOBER 2010
Simposium Kopi Nasional Nusa Dua Bali

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari, meramalkan dan merumuskan daya saing komoditas kopi robusta sehingga diharapkan akan memperoleh keselarasan langkah sebagai upaya mengatasi masalah-masalah yang berkaitan dengan berbagai kesenjangan, baik dari aspek produksi, permintaan input output, agroindustri dan kebijakan pemerintah di masa akan datang. Metodologi yang digunakan antara lain; dalam penetapan sampling wilayah menggunakan sektor basis, dengan wilayah terpilih di Jawa Timur (Kabupaten Malang, Jember, Banyuwangi) dan Propinsi Lampung di Kabupaten Tanggamus, data yang digunakan merupakan data sekunder dan primer, alat analisis menggunakan; Analisa Risiko, Permintaan dan Penawaran, Biaya Sumberdaya Domestik, Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM), Daya Saing Tree Five, dan simulasi kebijakan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan:
a.           Dari sisi usahatani atau penawaran  produksi kopi robusta sejogjanya memperhatikan  factor  jumlah produksi kopi, harga pupuk didalam negeri, kebijakan protektif pemerintah yang kurang mendukung percepatan daya saing, terbukti dengan NPCO dan SRP yang mempunyai nilai lebih rendah dari nilai yang seharusnya, dan juga didukung oleh nilai keunggulan komparatif lebih tinggi dari keunggulan kompetitif.
b.          Dari sisi permintaan, adanya peluang yang sangat besar terhadap permintaan kopi di pasar domestik untuk proses lebih lanjut berupa kopi bubuk, namun kelembagaan pasar yang ada kurang mendukung. Hal ini bisa di kuatkan dari sistem pemasaran yang dilalui oleh petani masih perlu adanya pembenahan saluran pemasaran dan hanya sekitar 1,78 persen yang diolah menjadi bahan siap saji. Permintaan dunia masih terbuka lebar bagi kopi Indonesia terbukti dengan kebutuhan pasar dunia semakin bertambah.
c.           Dari sisi lingkungan dan peluang usahatani kopi robusta yang diusahakan oleh petani sebagaian besar diusahakan secara monokultur dan belum menerapkan kultur teknis yang sesuai dengan anjuran dari Pusat Penelitian kopi dan kakao, kesadaran petani akan benih unggul bermutu masih rendah, sebagian tanaman kopi sudah tua/rusak, terserangnya hanya penyakit. Selain itu produk kopi baru diolah pada tingkat primer yaitu berbentuk biji kopi kering, sedangkan pengolahan produk hilirnya belum banyak dilakukan. Padahal produk olahan tersebut memberikan nilai tambah yang cukup tinggi dan menciptakan lapangan kerja. Disamping itu tanaman naungan yang mempunyai nilai ekonomi belum banyak dilakukan oleh petani.
d.          Dari sisi kebijakan internasional dan kebijakan domestik dapat disimpulkan bahwa kebijakan domestik kurang adanya dukungan dari pihak pemerintah dilihat dari koefisien DRC lebih baik dari PCR, koefisien NPCO dan SRP kurang mendukung percepatan daya saing apabila dibandingkan dengan harga yang sesungguhnya, namun dari koefisien NPCI kebijakan pemerintah memberikan dukungan yang berarti demi percepatan daya saing.
e.           Dari sisi social dapat di lihat dari perilaku petani netral risiko mendominasi di tiga wilayah penelitian, hal ini mengisyaratkan bahwa  petani kopi secara moral masih berpola pikir safety first sehingga menjadikannya terlalu berhati-hati, sehingga productivitas juga belum mencapai optimal.

   Kata kunci : kebijakan dan daya saing
         
SUMMARY
The Impacts of Government Policies and Competitiveness Acceleration Strategy on Robusta Coffee Bean Agribusiness

By : Soetriono
 Jember University

The research aimed to study, to predict, and to formulate the competitiveness of Robusta coffee bean commodity so that the harmonization in the efforts to overcome problems related various gaps either in production aspects, input-output demand, agro-industry, and government policies in the future could be obtained. The methodology used consisted of; using basic sector in determining a sample of regions (i.e. East Java Province (Kabupaten Malang and Jember) and Lampung Province (Kabupaten Tanggamus); using primary and secondary data; the analysis data method used were: Risk Analysis, Supply and Demand, Domestic Resource Cost, Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM), Tree Five Competitiveness, and policy simulation. The result of the research shows that:
a.       From the side of farming business or the supply, the production of Robusta coffee bean should consider some factors, such as the number of coffee bean production, the price of fertilizer in the country, the government policy of protection that is not support the competitiveness acceleration. This is based on the value of NPCO and SRP that is lower than the world price and the value of comparative advantage is higher than the value of competitive advantage.
b.      From the demand perspective, there is a significant opportunity in coffee post harvest processing (i.e. coffee powder) demand in the domestic market but the existing market institution has not provided a proper support. This can be improved by designing the marketing system or channeling system and by increasing the post harvest processing (i.e. about only 1.78 % of coffee beans were processed to a ready to consume product. Also, the world demand is widely open for Indonesian coffee bean since the world market needs is increasing.
c.       Based on the environment and farming business perspective, the coffee bean produced by smallholders is considered as monoculture and has not yet applied technical culture suggested by Indonesia Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, the awareness of smallholders about genuine seed variety is low, most of coffee tree is very old/damage and infected by plant diseases. Also, coffee commodity is processes on the primary level (i.e. dry coffee bean) meanwhile downstream product processing has not yet been conducted significantly. In fact, this further product processing will contribute a significantly high value added and can create a workforce. In addition, the shading tree that has a high economic value has not been used by the smallholders.
d.      From the perspective of international policy and domestic policy, it is concluded that the government support in the domestic policy is lacking (shown by the coefficient of DRC is better than PCR, the coefficient of NPCO and SRP is not supporting the competitiveness acceleration if they are compared to the world price. But, the coefficient of NPCI of the government policy has contributed a significant support for the competitiveness acceleration.
e.    From the social perspective, it is shown that the smallholders is dominantly risk neutral in the three selected areas. This indicates that the coffee bean smallholders are morally still using a safety first way of thinking. In turn, this makes them too prudent so that their productivity has not yet reached the optimal level.

     Key word: policies and Competitiveness

Ringkasan Penelitian Kedelai

SUMMARY
(Strategy to Alleviate the Decline Soybean Farmers through Downstream-Upstream Blue Print, Modeling and Government Policy, 2009
By :  Soetriono

Soybean commodity plays an important role in economy since most of the commodities (95%) are used for agro-industry and 96% of them is raw materials for tofu and tempe agro-industry. Domestic production has not been able to fulfill internal need of it, where 55% is still fulfilled by import. This research is intended to identify the competitiveness of on farm agribusiness of soybean by institutional input and policy simulation; the relation between upstream and downstream system activities of soybean agribusiness; model and strategy to eliminating soybean farmers’ powerlessness
The research area was determined purposively considering that Paleran Village was a village that had Prime Farm program and Curah Lele village was the centre village of soybean marked with Prime Farm program. Samples were taken by applying by simple random sampling.
            Analysis method by using competitive and comparative advantages (competitiveness) applied Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM), policy scenario, modeling and strategy to eliminating soybean farmers’ powerlessness by Force Field Analysis (FFA); the research results showed:
1.            Private profitability and social profitability of on-farm agribusiness of soybean in research area had efficiency and comparative and competitive advantages, meaning that on-farm agribusiness of soybean had competitiveness.
2.            Government policy toward output tradable provided negative effect on on-farm agribusiness of soybean indicated by NPCO value lower than one. Government policy toward input tradable gave positive effect on on-farm agribusiness of soybean performed by NPCI value lower than one. Collectively, government policy on input output tradable and input non tradable affected negatively on on-farm agribusiness of soybean shown by negative NPT and SRP values and PC value lower than one.
3.            The change of government policy toward import tariff of soybean and exchange rate of rupiah still remained giving positive effects on efficiency and competitiveness of soybean on-farm agribusiness, while the change of government policy on output tradable affected negatively on on-farm agribusiness of soybean. The change of government policy on input tradable still provided positive effects on on-farm agribusiness of soybean. The change of government in input output tradable and input non tradable remained negative, while the effect of the change of government policy on input and output tradable gave positive effects together on on-farm agribusiness.
4.            On-farm agribusiness of soybean under Prime Farm Program had stronger competitiveness compared to non-prime farm program though held in central area..
5.            In order to overcome powerlessness of soybean farmers, some efforts on the basis of FFA analysis from upstream to downstream sub-systems are necessarily undertaken, they are:
a.       Sub-system of up-stream agribusiness; (1) to intensify extension on the field of knowledge and technology; (2) the best quality seeds development and (3) improvement on distribution channel of production tools.
b.      Sub-system of on-farm agribusiness; organic fertilizer development and intensive supervision by related departments (Agriculture Department), especially on pest and disease control.
c.       Sub-system of down-stream agribusiness; it is necessary to establish farmer’s association, soybean industry and to develop modern processing technology such as ketchup and soybean milk.
d.      Sub-system of marketing is needed to organize market that is related to major agribusiness market.
e.       Sub-system of supporting services; it is important to develop market at village level, to establish agribusiness and to optimize extension personnel that all become strong requirements.


Ringakasan Penelitian Tembakau

SUMMARY

Modelling and Strategy of Competitiveness  Na Oogst Besuki Tobacco in East Java, 
Evita Soliha Hani, Soetriono, Hadi Paramu, 2010

The first year research was mainly focused on agribusiness data related to government policy, that is policies on input and output, and identifying the tobacco Na-Oogst comparative advantage and competitive advantage in the research area. In addition, this research in this period was aimed at knowing profitability and feasibility of tobacco Na-Oogst agribusiness in farmer level. 
The research area was located at center of the robusta coffee agribusiness in East Java, i.e. Ambulu SubDistrick and Rambupuji Sub Districk in Jember Regency. These areas have a high production level and productivity rate. The research used a simple random sampling to determine the research sample.
Comparative advantage was measured by Social Domestic Resource Cost. Competitive Advantage was measured by actual Domestic Resource Cost. Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) was used to analyse the impact of government policy. The result showed that:
  1. The Na-Oogst Tobacco Agribusiness is feasible. Beside that, It has both of comparative and competitive advantage. It is shown by value of KBSD social dan KBSD privat ;  
  2. The price policy of government for Na-Oogst tobacco is not give contribution an incentive on the development of further agroindustry. It is shown by Effective Protection Coefficient (EPC) and Profitability Coefficient (PC) that is less than one (< 1) as well as a negative Subsidy Ratio to Producers (SRP).

Senin, 14 Februari 2011

ANALISIS KELAYAKAN AGRIBISNIS


ANALISIS KELAYAKAN AGRIBISNIS

PENGAMPU : SOETRIONO, JANI JANUAR, ATIK KUSMIATI, YULIAN ADAM


INVESTASI AGRIBISNIS
• PENDAHULUAN (pentingnya perencanaan, kreteria analisis, sumber-2 dana investasi, kerangka analisis investasi) Pertemuan 1
• ANALISA EKONOMIS DAN ANALISIS FINANSIAL (perbedaan penekanan dalam analisis dan faktor-2 yang perlu diperhatikan) Pertemuan 2
• PROYEK INVESTASI (pendahuluan, marginal effisiency of capital/ MEC, keuntungan absulut, ranking by inspection dan pp) Pertemuan 3
• PERHITUNGAN BUNGA DAN NILAI UANG (perhitungan bunga biasa, majemuk, anuitas biasa dan komplek) Pertemuan 4

METODE PENYUSUTAN INVESTASI AGRIBISNIS
* METODE PENYUSUTAN : rata-rata (garis lurus, jam kerja mesin, jumlah produksi) bunga majemuk (anuitas, penyisihan dana) penurunan( jumlah angka tahunan, persentasi) dan metode penyusutan gabungan (Pertemuan 5)

METODE PENGUKURAN RAMALAN
CARA PERAMALAN
* TREND LINEAR DAN NON LINEAR
* REGRESI DAN KORELASI
* MATHEMATICAL EXPECTATION (Pertemuan 6,7)             

SISMATIKA KELAYAKAN INVESTASI (Pertemuan 8)
* PENDAHULUAN
* ASPEK PASAR DAN PEMASARAN
* ASPEK TEKNIS DAN TEKNOLOGI
* ASPEK MANAJEMEN DAN ORGANISASI
* ASPEK EKONOMI DAN KEUANGAN
* KESIMPULAN DAN REKOMNDASI

ASPEK  PASAR DAN PEMASARAN (Pertemuan 9)
* DAYA SERAP PASAR (Permintaan, Konsumsi Per Kapita, Jumlah Konsumsi Nyata)
* DARI SEGI PENAWARAN
* MARKET SPACE DAN MARKET SHARE
* KONDISI PASAR (Rantai pasar, penetapan harga dalam menentukan biaya produksi dan anggaran biaya)
* SISTEM PEMBAYARAN DAN BIAYA PEMASARAN
* PROGRAM PEMASARAN
* FAKTOR PERSAINGAN

ASPEK TEKNIS DAN MANAJEMEN OPERASI  (Pertemuan 10)
* ASPEK PRODUKSI
* LUAS PRODUKSI
* PROSES PRODUKSI
* MANAJEMEN OPERASI

ASPEK EKONOMI DAN KEUNGAN (Pertemuan 11)
* DANA INVESTASI
* MODAL KERJA
* SUMBER PEMBIAYAAN
* PROSES PERPUTARAN UANG
* ASAS PEMBELANJAAN
* TITIK PULANG POKOK
* PERKIRAAN PROFIT

PEMILIHAN PROYEK DENGAN KRETERIA INVESTASI (Pertemuan 12)
* MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE ALTERNATIF PROJECT
* CROS OVER DISCOUNT RATE ANALYSIS

ANALISIS KRETERIA INVESTASI dan EVALUASI PROYEK (Pertemuan 13)
  • PERHITUNGAN KRETERIA INVESTASI 
  • NPV, IRR, BC RATIO, PROFITABILTY RATIO 
  • ANALISIS PP DAN BREAK EVEN POINT 
* PERHITUNGAN BENEFIT
* MANFAAT PROYEK LANGSUNG, TIDAK LANGSUNG DAN TIDAK KENTARA
* JENIS BIAYA
* KEPUTUSAN PROYEK


METODE RESIKO AGRIBISNIS (Pertemuan 14)

INVESTASI DALAM BIDANG  AGRIBISNIS (FINANSIAL DAN EKONOMI) (Pertemuan 15,16)

BAHAN PERKULIAHAN

PERENCANAAN  WILAYAH
SOETRIONO, ANIK SUWANDARI, JANI JANUAR



I. PENDAHULUAN (Hakekat Ilmu Ekonomi Regional dan Beberapa Landasan)

II. KONSEPSI WILAYAH ATAU REGION
Sifat Wilayah; Tipe-Tipe Wilayah; Wilayah Homogen atau FormalWilayah Nodal atau Fungsional atau Wilayah Berkutub; Wilayah Administrasi atau Perencanaan; Hirarkhi-Hirarkhi Atau Rank Wilayah; Wilayah Berdasarkan Kategori-Kategori

III. HUBUNGAN BERBAGAI KEGIATAN DALAM SUATU WILAYAH
Hubungan Vertikal (Vertical Linkages); Hubungan Horisontal (Horizontal Linkages); Hubungan Komplementer (Complementary Linkages); Struktur Ruang Dari Wilayah

IV. ANALISIS DELINIASI REGIONAL
Wilayah Dalam Perencanaan Regional; Analisis Penentuan Batas-Batas Dan Klasifikasi Wilayah; Penentuan Batas-batas Daerah Homogen atau Formal; Penentuan Batas-batas Daerah Fungsional; Analisis Klasifikasi Wilayah; Analisis Klasifikasi Wilayah dengan metoda kualitatif dan kuantitatif

V. TEORI LOKASI DAN FAKTOR PENENTU LOKASI INDUSTRI
Limpahan Sumberdaya (Recources Endowment); Permintaan Pasar; Aglomerasi
Kebijakan Pemerintah Dan Wira-Usaha

VI. PERTIMBANGAN MAKRO EKSTERNAL
Dalam Penentuan Lokasi Industri; Pertimbangan Lokasi Dalam Industri; Pertimbangan Bangun Hukum Perusahaan; Kerangka Analisis Kelayakan; Proses Produksi Dan Skala Produksi


VII. FAKTOR DAN STURUKTUR ANGKUTAN
Struktur Biaya Pengangkutan; Titik Transshipment, Teknologi Dan Pentingnya Pelabuhan

VIII. TEORI TEMPAT LOKASI
Prinsip Lokasi Median; Prinsip Lokasi Industri Dengan Satu Pasar; Dan Satu Bahan Baku; Prinsip Lokasi Industri Dengan Kasus Satu Pasar; Dan Banyak Bahan Baku; Prinsip Lokasi Industri Dengan Banyak Bahan Baku Dan Banyak Pasar

IX. TEORI KETERGANTUNGAN LOKASI DAN KESEIMBANGAN SPASIAL
Teori Ketergantungan Lokasi; Teori Keseimbangan Spasial; Teori Tempat Terpusat; Teori Melvin Greenhut

X. TEORI DAERAH LOKASI (Teori Lokasi Von Thunen)

XI. PERAN PERENCANAAN DALAM PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI

XII MODEL PERENCANAAN PERTUMBUHAN WILAYAH : ECONOMIC BASE, MULTIPLIER JANGKA PENDEK/MENENGAH DAN PANJANG

XIII SHIFSARE

XIV AGROPOLITAN – KIMBUN –SPAKU
(TERAPAN PRAKTIS)

XV PERENCANAAN SEKTORAL : MODEL INPUT-OUTPUT

Aturan Perkuliahan
* Komponen penilaian :
1. UTS : UAS : tugas : kuis à 30%;40%:15%;15% 
2. % kehadiran kuliah : minimal 75% dari keseluruhan pertemuan 
3. Keterlambatan hadir dalam perkuliahan yang ditoleransi bagi mahasiswa adalah 15 menit, bagi dosen : 15 menit 
4. Siapa ketua kelas dan wakilnya ?
5. Tugas ketua kelas : mengkoordinasi pengumpulan tugas, menginformasikan hal-hal terkait kuliah (hand out, fotokopi tugas, perubahan jadwal kuliah dll)

PUSTAKA



Budiharsono, Soegeng, 1989, Perencanaan Pembangunan Wilayah : Teori, Model dan Penerapannya, IPB, Bogor.